Prioridades sobre Transporte Masivo para Bogota
Transporte en la Economía Verde
Transporte Sostenible: Paradigma Evitar-Cambiar-Mejorar
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A review of technological improvements in BRT and BHLS
Walk the line: station context, corridor type and bus rapid transit walk access in Jinan, China
This paper examines BRT station walk access patterns in rapidly urbanizing China and the relationship between bus rapid transit (BRT) station context and corridor type and the distance people will walk to access the system (i.e., catchment area). We hypothesize that certain contextual built environment features and station and right-of-way configurations will increase the walk-access catchment area; that is, that urban design influences users’ willingness to walk to BRT. We base our analysis on 1233 user surveys, conducted at 19 BRT stations along three existing (as of summer 2009) BRT corridors in the city of Jinan. Ordinary least squares regression is applied to estimate the relationship between walk access distances and aggregate station- and corridor-area characteristics, controlling for individual- and trip-specific attributes. The results suggest that people walk farther to BRT stations when the walking environment has certain features (median transit-way station location, shaded corridors, busy and interesting). Trip and trip maker characteristics play a relatively minor role in defining BRT walk access distance. Implications include the need for flexible transit station catchment area definitions in identifying transit-oriented development opportunities and estimating system demand.
The promise and challenges of integrating public transportation in Bogotá, Colombia
User perception of Bogotá’s integrated public transport system: trends and implications for program implementation
Several cities in the developing world are transforming decentralized bus transit services into integrated transit systems. These programs aspire to improve service quality and mitigate negative impacts, such as pollution and traffic injuries and deaths. However, implementation processes in Santiago, Chile and elsewhere have proven difficult. One contributing factor has been a lack of integration of community concerns in the planning process. In this paper, we provide a framework for direct identification of user needs and apply it to the ongoing process in Bogotá, Colombia. Bogotá is integrating its BRT system with reorganized bus services throughout the city. Using expert interviews and a semi-structured community survey, we identify awareness, expectations and aspiration gaps, as well as equity concerns. We also suggest specific actions to improve user information during system implementation. The methods developed for this research and understanding of Bogotá’s lessons are useful for improving planning and implementation of other large-scale transit integration processes.
Express services for a bus corridor: A case study and some analytical insights
Embedding Risk Attitudes in a Scheduling Model: Application to the Study of Commuting Departure Time
In traditional travel time reliability valuation studies, the value of travel time savings and the value of travel time reliability (or reduced time variability) are estimated within a linear utility functional form, which assumes risk-neutral attitudes for decision makers. In this paper, we develop nonlinear scheduling models to address both risk attitude and preference in the context of a stated choice experiment of car commuters facing risky choices where the risk is associated with the trip time. We also investigate unobserved between-individual heterogeneity in time-related parameters and risk attitudes using a mixed multinomial logit model. The willingness-to-pay values for reducing the mean travel time and variability (earlier/later than the preferred arrival time) are also estimated within the nonlinear scheduling framework. The model is then used to estimate preferred departure times for commuters, assuming that random link capacities are the source of travel time variability. Results show that the more variable travel times are, the earlier commuters depart and that the nonlinear scheduling model predicts earlier optimal departure times than the linear scheduling model does. The application in this paper helps to bridge the gap between theory and practice.
Transporte Sustentável no Século Urbano
Access as a social good and as an economic good: is there a need of paradigm shift?
Funding and financing constraints in the aftermath of institutional design: a critical review
In the last years many countries started the reform of their legal and organizational frameworks for public transport, aiming to obtain better performances and improve the market shares of these services. Only a few cities succeeded in introducing effective change and overcome barriers to the reform process. Several background studies have exhaustively identified and assessed these barriers for different types of cities, but there is a deficit of analysis on the paths which were followed by those few cities which succeeded in the reform process.
In the background of this wave of reform is the evolution of urban areas that occurred in the last decades and changed patterns of mobility from a radial concentric shape towards a typical interaction spread across peri-urban areas and very often ignoring the city centre. This caused organized mobility services to extend beyond the administrative borders of the city and, consequently, the need to extend the scope of intervention of the mobility authority to all communities with a direct stake in the mobility system became more obvious, yet easier said than done.
The rationale behind this problem of extension of the scope of action and influence of the mobility system is relatively easy to understand but raises additional problems between that scope of action and the scope of intervention of the different institutions in charge of the several aspects of the system, such as territorial definition, financial autonomies, etc.
This paper aims to observe in a structured way the critical issues that surround this problem aiming to pursue in-depth research on institutional design and financing alternatives.
Evaluation of the traffic control system of open Bus Rapid Transit corridors: An application to the city of Guangzhou
Modelos de Demanda de Transporte
Partiendo de experiencias anteriores, de fracasos y aciertos, propone una serie de modelos para satisfacer la demanda de transporte urbano de personas, considerando a la vez los objetivos que las personas tienen y realizan a diferentes horas del día y en diversos medios; Un libro que muestra cómo formular, seleccionar, adaptar y aplicar modelos de […]
Methodological developments in activity-travel behaviour analysis
Sistemas de Transporte Público Urbano: análise comparativa entre modais de alta capacidade
Analyzing route choice decisions in Metro networks: A comparison between Santiago and London
Route choice modelling on metro networks
Route choice modelling on metro networks: A comparison between Santiago and London
Practical and empirical identifiability of hybrid discrete choice models
The formulation of hybrid discrete choice (HDC) models including both observable alternative attributes and latent variables associated with attitudes and perceptions has become a renewed topic of discussion in recent years. Even though there have been developments related to HDC model estimation and theoretical parameter identification, many practical and empirical issues related with HDC modelling […]
Analyzing route choice decisions in Metro networks
Multimodal pricing and optimal design of public transport services: the interplay between traffic congestion and bus crowding
Assessing the diversity of schemes for financing urban access and mobility: in preparation of a comparative study
Metrobús: BRT en la Ciudad de México
Effect of Real-Time Transit Information on Dynamic Path Choice of Passengers
Real-time information (RTI) is increasingly being implemented in transit networks worldwide. The evaluation of the effect of RTI requires dynamic modeling of transit operations and of passenger path choices. The authors present a dynamic transit analysis and evaluation tool that represents timetables, operation strategies, RTI, adaptive passenger choices, and traffic dynamics at the network level. Transit path choices are modeled as a sequence of boarding, walking, and alighting decisions that passengers undertake when carrying out their journey. The model was applied to the Metro network area of Stockholm, Sweden, under various operating conditions and information provision scenarios, as a proof of concept. An analysis of results indicated substantial path choice shifts and potential time savings associated with more comprehensive RTI provision and transfer coordination improvements.
An integrated real time transit signal priority control for high frequency transit services
Bus bunching affects transit operations by increasing passenger waiting times and its variability. In order to tackle this phenomenon a wide range of control strategies have been proposed. However, none of them have considered together both station and interstation control. In this study we tackle this problem aiming to determine the optimal vehicle control strategy for the various stops and traffic lights in a single service transit corridor that will minimize the total time users must devote to making a trip taking into account delays for both transit and general traffic users. Based on a high frequency capacity constrained and unscheduled service (no timetable) were real time information about bus position (GPS) and bus load (APC) is available, this study focuses, on strategies for traffic signal priority in the form of green extension, considered together with holding buses at stops and limiting passenger boarding at stops. The decisions regarding transit signal priority are taken based on a rolling horizon scheme where effects over the whole corridor are considered in every single decision. The proposed strategy is evaluated in a simulation environment under different operational conditions. Results shows that the proposed control achieve excess delay reductions for transit users close to a 61.4% compared to no control while general traffic only increases a 1.5%.
The complexity of BRT development and implementation
While bus rapid transit (BRT) has emerged as an attractive sustainable urban transport solution in many cities throughout the world, many systems have experienced challenges and shortcomings. This chapter discusses the complexities facing decision-makers in developing and implementing BRT as part of an integrated city-wide transport system.
One of the attractions of dedicated BRT systems stems from its comparison with other urban transport solutions such as light rail. BRT benefits from a combination of low cost structure and good service characteristics which allow the delivery of capacity higher than rail based alternatives at a much lower cost. For many cities, this has meant that the infrastructure cost has been less of a burden on the taxpayer since more infrastructure can be provided for a given level of funding.
Reviews of existing development and implementation of BRT systems around the world reveal common challenges and lessons from bus system improvements and BRT. These include issues relating to planning, implementation, and operations of BRT systems, and their interconnections with financial, institutional and regulatory constraints.
In many systems, initial problems were resolved in the early period of operation, but others had more profound issues leading to change and improvement adapted and improved over time. This chapter distils the lessons learned from BRT projects across Latin America, Asia, Africa and Australia.
R-TRESIS: Developing a transport model system for regional New South Wales
This paper sets out a demand modelling framework for the development of a regional transport and land use model system (R-Tresis), to be implemented for New South Wales (Australia). Traditionally, the focus of such a model system has been major metropolitan areas such as Sydney, where we have developed Tresis (Hensher, 2002). Given the growing concern about regional accessibility to many service classes, there is a need for a modelling capability that can be used to prioritize and guide policy decisions in regions that are often described as remote, rural, low density and small town. In developing a framework that is capable of integrating both demand and supply elements of transportation and land use activity, we recognized the challenges in developing primary data sources, and the high likelihood of a reliance on secondary data sources. This suggested an alternative approach to demand modelling that was not dependent on choice models; namely a suite of continuous choice models in which we capture the actual activities undertaken by each mode on both the demand and supply side at high spatial resolution.
Urban bus services in developing countries and countries in transition: A framework for regulatory and institutional developments
Urban passenger transport has experienced major change in many developing countries in Africa, Asia, and the Middle East, as well as in countries of political and/or economic transition in the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) and China. Such changes have included planned market opening to private operators and new entrants; unplanned market opening by the entry of unlicensed operators; privatization and other changes to the ownership base of large public-sector transport companies; emergence of large-scale minibus and paratransit; and national and urban policies and programs to upgrade the transport supply and quality.
This paper presents a framework to understand regulatory and institutional changes in urban bus services in Africa, Asia, the Middle East, the CIS, and China. The framework identifies three types of changes: (i) changes in the role of the regulator and market structure; (ii) changes in the structure of the operator and of private sector participation; and (iii) changes in the transport supply. The paper then identifies critical factors leading to change in the urban transport sector, factors that can be identified with successful outcomes, and issues associated with the development of the minibus, paratransit, and the informal sector that have played major roles in the urban transport sector of developing countries and countries in transition.
The value of a promise: housing price impacts of plans to build mass transit in Ecatepec, Mexico
This research explores whether announcement of plans to build mass transit infrastructure had an effect on housing prices in Ecatepec, a fully urbanized municipality in the northeastern fringe of the Mexico City metropolitan area. The analysis compares prices of properties located within one kilometer of the future bus rapid transit (BRT) corridor with those of properties sold within the same distance of a similar corridor where no mass transit was slated to run. Differences are estimated before and after the announcement. The results contradict the hypothesis that transit project plans trigger an immediate windfall for property owners who capitalize on the expected benefits of enhanced accessibility before the start of operations. Instead, the mass transit plan appears to have had no impact on prices of lower-quality properties and in fact reduce rather than increase the prices of higher-quality properties.
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